剑桥雅思19Test2Passage1阅读原文翻译 The Industrial Revolution in Britain 英国工业革命
剑桥雅思19阅读第二套题目第一篇文章的主题为英国工业革命。作者首先介绍了工业革命发生的基础（蒸汽机），然后转向工业革命期间各个领域的进步，如铁路、纺织、钢铁、通信等，最后提到工业革命引发的失业问题以及人们的反应。因为咱们在历史课上都学过工业革命，因此读起来应该会比较轻松一些。下面是具体每个自然段的翻译。
剑桥雅思19Test2Passage1阅读答案解析 The Industrial Revolution in Britain 英国工业革命
剑桥雅思19Test2Passage1阅读原文翻译
第1段：
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the mid-1700s and by the 1830s and 1840s had spread to many other parts of the world, including the United States. In Britain, it was a period when a largely rural, agrarian* society was transformed into an industrialised, urban one. Goods that had once been crafted by hand started to be produced in mass quantities by machines in factories, thanks to the invention of steam power and the introduction of new machines and manufacturing techniques in textiles, iron-making and other industries.
工业革命始于18世纪中叶的英国，到19世纪30至40年代，已经传播到包括美国在内的世界许多其他地区。在英国，这一时期见证了一场巨大的变革-以农村农业为主的社会转变为工业化、城市化的社会。得益于蒸汽动力的发明以及纺织、炼铁等行业中新机械和制造技术的引入，原本由手工制作的商品开始在工厂中通过机器实现大规模生产。
第2段：
The foundations of the Industrial Revolution date back to the early 1700s, when the English inventor Thomas Newcomen designed the first modern steam engine. Called the ‘atmospheric steam engine’, Newcomen’s invention was originally used to power machines that pumped water out of mines. In the 1760s, the Scottish engineer James Watt started to adapt one of Newcomen’s models, and succeeded in making it far more efficient. Watt later worked with the English manufacturer Matthew Boulton to invent a new steam engine driven by both the forward and backward strokes of the piston, while the gear mechanism it was connected to produced rotary motion. It was a key innovation that would allow steam power to spread across British industries.
工业革命的起点可以追溯到18世纪初，当时英国发明家托马斯·纽科门设计出了第一台现代蒸汽机。这种被称为“气压式蒸汽机”的设备，最初是用来驱动机器从矿井中抽水。到了18世纪60年代，苏格兰工程师詹姆斯·瓦特对纽科门的蒸汽机进行了改进，大大提高了效率。后来，瓦特与英国制造商马修·博尔顿合作，发明了一种由活塞的往复运动驱动的新型蒸汽机，其连接的齿轮机构能够产生旋转运动。这项关键创新使蒸汽动力能够广泛应用于英国各个工业领域，为工业革命的推进打下了坚实基础。
第3段：
The demand for coal, which was a relatively cheap energy source, grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, as it was needed to run not only the factories used to produce manufactured goods, but also steam-powered transportation. In the early 1800s, the English engineer Richard Trevithick built a steam-powered locomotive, this article is from laokaoya wesbite. and by 1830 goods and passengers were being transported between the industrial centres of Manchester and Liverpool. In addition, steam-powered boats and ships were widely used to carry goods along Britain’s canals as well as across the Atlantic.
在工业革命期间，作为一种相对廉价的能源，煤炭的需求迅速增长。它不仅被用于驱动工厂的机器，还为蒸汽动力的交通工具提供动力。19世纪初，英国工程师理查德·特雷维西克建造了第一台蒸汽驱动的机车；到了1830年，货物和乘客已经可以在曼彻斯特和利物浦这两个工业中心之间通过铁路运输。此外，蒸汽动力的船只也被广泛用于在英国的运河上运输货物，甚至跨越大西洋进行远洋航运。
第4段：
Britain had produced textiles like wool, linen and cotton, for hundreds of years, but prior to the Industrial Revolution, the British textile business was a true ‘cottage industry’, with the work performed in small workshops or even homes by individual spinners, weavers and dyers. Starting in the mid-1700s, innovations like the spinning jenny and the power loom made weaving cloth and spinning yarn and thread much easier. With these machines, relatively little labour was required to produce cloth, and the new, mechanised textile factories that opened around the country were quickly able to meet customer demand for cloth both at home and abroad.
在工业革命之前，英国已经有几百年的纺织历史，主要生产羊毛、亚麻和棉布。但那时候的纺织业还是典型的“家庭手工业”，由纺纱工、织布工和染布工在家里或小作坊里手工完成。到了18世纪中期，一系列创新发明，比如珍妮纺纱机和动力织布机，让纺纱织布变得更加高效省力。有了这些机器，只需要很少的人力就能大量生产布料。全国各地文章来自老烤鸭雅思陆续建起机械化纺织厂，很快就能满足国内外市场对布料日益增长的需求。
第5段：
The British iron industry also underwent major change as it adopted new innovations. Chief among the new techniques was the smelting of iron ore with coke (a material made by heating coal) instead of the traditional charcoal. This method was cheaper and produced metals that were of a higher quality, enabling Britain’s iron and steel production to expand in response to demand created by the Napoleonic Wars (1803-15) and the expansion of the railways from the 1830s.
英国的钢铁工业在工业革命期间也发生了巨大变化，其中最重要的进步是采用了新的冶炼技术：用焦炭（通过加热煤炭制成的一种燃料）代替传统的木炭来冶炼铁矿石。这种方法成本更低，炼出的金属质量更高，使得英国的钢铁产量迅速增长，从而满足了拿破仑战争（1803–1815年）以及19世纪30年代开始的铁路扩张所带来的巨大需求。
第6段：
The latter part of the Industrial Revolution also saw key advances in communication methods, as people increasingly saw the need to communicate efficiently over long distances. In 1837, British inventors William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the first commercial telegraphy system. In the 1830s and 1840s, Samuel Morse and other inventors worked on their own versions in the United States. Cooke and Wheatstone’s system was soon used for railway signalling in the UK. As the speed of the new locomotives increased, it was essential to have a fast and effective means of avoiding collisions.
工业革命后期，通信方式也迎来了重要突破。人们越来越意识到远距离高效沟通的必要性。1837年，英国发明家威廉·库克和查尔斯·惠斯通申请了世界上第一套商用电报系统的专利。而在19世纪30到40年代，美国的塞缪尔·摩尔斯等人也在研发自己的版本。库克和惠斯通的系统很快被用于英国铁路的信号传输。随着火车速度的不断提高，铁路系统迫切需要一种快速可靠的通信方式，以防止列车发生碰撞。
第6段：
The impact of the Industrial Revolution on people’s lives was immense. Although many people in Britain had begun moving to the cities from rural areas before the Industrial Revolution, this accelerated dramatically with industrialisation, as the rise of large factories turned smaller towns into major cities in just a few decades. This rapid urbanisation brought significant challenges, as overcrowded cities suffered from pollution and inadequate sanitation.
工业革命深刻改变了人们的生活方式。尽管在工业革命前，不少英国人已经开始从农村迁往城市，但工业化的推进使得这一进程大大加快。随着大型工厂的兴起，许多原本规模较小的城镇在短短几十年间迅速膨胀为大城市。然而，这种快速的城市化也带来了诸多挑战，人口过度集中导致城市污染严重、卫生条件差，基础设施远远无法满足需求。
第7段：
Although industrialisation increased the country’s economic output overall and improved the standard of living for the middle and upper classes, many poor people continued to struggle. Factory workers had to work long hours in dangerous conditions for extremely low wages. These conditions along with the rapid pace of change fuelled opposition to industrialisation. A group of British workers who became known as ‘Luddites’ were British weavers and textile workers who objected to the increased use of mechanised looms and knitting frames. Many had spent years learning their craft, and they feared that unskilled machine operators were robbing them of their livelihood. A few desperate weavers began breaking into factories and smashing textile machines. They called themselves Luddites after Ned Ludd, a young apprentice who was rumoured to have wrecked a textile machine in 1779.
虽然工业化提升了国家整体的经济产出，也改善了中产阶级和上层阶级的生活水平，但许多贫困群体仍旧生活艰难。工厂工人不仅需要长时间工作，还要忍受危险的工作环境，而工资却低得可怜。恶劣的工作条件与社会急剧变化，引发了不少人对工业化的强烈反感。其中最著名的反对者是一群后来被称为“卢德分子”的工人。他们多为纺织工和织布工，反对机械织布机和针织机的大量使用。很多人辛辛苦苦学了多年手艺，却眼看着机器让不具备技能的人也能轻松上岗，他们担心自己的饭碗会被夺走。一些工人走投无路，开始闯入工厂砸毁机器。他们称自己为“卢德分子”，这个名字源于一个传说：据说在1779年，一个名叫奈德·卢德（Ned Ludd）的年轻学徒曾愤怒地砸毁了一台纺织机。
第8段：
The first major instances of machine breaking took place in 1811 in the city of Nottingham, and the practice soon spread across the country. Machine-breaking Luddites attacked and burned factories, and in some cases they even exchanged gunfire with company guards and soldiers. The workers wanted employers to stop installing new machinery, but the British government responded to the uprisings by making machine-breaking punishable by death. The unrest finally reached its peak in April 1812, when a few Luddites were shot during an attack on a mill near uddersfield. In the days that followed, other Luddites were arrested, and dozens were hanged or transported to Australia. By 1813, the Luddite resistance had all but vanished.
1811年，第一次大规模破坏机器的事件发生在诺丁汉，随后这一行为迅速蔓延到全国各地。卢德分子不仅袭击并纵火焚烧工厂，有时甚至与工厂的守卫和军队发生武装冲突。他们的诉求是要求雇主停止引进新机械，但英国政府则以严厉的手段回应，将破坏机器定为死罪。1812年4月，骚乱达到顶峰，几名卢德分子在袭击哈德斯菲尔德附近一座工厂时被击毙。随后几天，更多卢德分子被捕，数十人被处以绞刑或流放澳大利亚。到1813年，卢德运动基本宣告结束。
