剑桥雅思19Test2Passage2阅读原文翻译 Athletes and Stress 运动员与压力
剑桥雅思19阅读第二套题目第二篇文章的主题为运动员与压力。作者首先用艾玛·拉杜卡努的表现引入话题，然后探讨压力的不同种类，产生压力的原因，以及不同压力对运动员的影响，最后以如何解决这一问题收尾。整篇文章稍微有些偏理论，但用词不是很难，读起来应该还算通顺。下面是具体每一段的翻译。
剑桥雅思19Test2Passage2阅读原文翻译
段落A
It isn’t easy being a professional athlete. Not only are the physical demands greater than most people could handle, athletes also face intense psychological pressure during competition. This is something that British tennis player Emma Raducanu wrote about on social media following her withdrawal from the 2021 Wimbledon tournament. Though the young player had been doing well in the tournament, she began having difficulty regulating her breathing and heart rate during a match, which she later attributed to ‘the accumulation of the excitement and the buzz’.
成为一名职业运动员并不容易。他们不仅要承受远超常人的身体负荷，还要在比赛中面对巨大的心理压力。英国网球选手艾玛·拉杜卡努（Emma Raducanu）在2021年温网退赛后就曾在社交媒体上谈到过这一点。尽管这位年轻选手在比赛中表现不俗，但在某场比赛中她开始出现呼吸困难和心率不稳的情况，事后她将原因归结为“激动与情绪的积累”。
段落B
For athletes, some level of performance stress is almost unavoidable. But there are many different factors that dictate just how people’s minds and bodies respond to stressful events. Typically, stress is the result of an exchange between two factors: demands and resources. An athlete may feel stressed about an event if they feel the demands on them are greater than they can handle. These demands include the high level of physical and mental effort required to succeed, and also the athlete’s concerns about the difficulty of the event, their chance of succeeding, and any potential dangers such as injury. Resources, on the other hand, are a person’s ability to cope with these demands. These include factors such as the competitor’s degree of confidence, how much they believe they can control the situation’s outcome, and whether they’re looking forward to the event or not.
对运动员来说，一定程度的比赛压力几乎是无法避免的。但人们对压力的心理和身体反应因人而异，受到多种因素影响。通常来说，压力是“需求”与“资源”之间相互作用的结果。如果一名运动员觉得比赛的要求超出了自己的承受能力，就容易产生压力。这些“需求”可能包括：为成功所需付出的高强度身心努力、对比赛难度的担忧、对是否能赢下比赛的顾虑，以及诸如受伤等潜在风险。而“资源”则指的是一个人应对这些需求的能力，例如他们的自信程度、对比赛结果的控制感，以及他们是否期待这场比赛。
段落C
Each new demand or change in circumstances affects whether a person responds positively or negatively to stress. Typically, the more resources a person feels they have in handling the situation, the more positive their stress response. This positive stress response is called a challenge state. But should the person feel there are too many demands placed on them, the more likely they are to experience a negative stress response – known as a threat state. This article is from Laokaoya ielts. Research shows that the challenge states lead to good performance, while threat states lead to poorer performance. So, in Emma Raducanu’s case, a much larger audience, higher expectations and facing a more skilful opponent, may all have led her to feel there were greater demands being placed on her at Wimbledon -but she didn’t have the resources to tackle them. This led to her experiencing a threat response.
新的需求或环境的变化都会影响一个人对压力积极或消极的反应。通常来说，一个人越觉得自己有足够的资源应对当前的情况，他们对压力的反应就越积极。这种积极的压力反应被称为“挑战状态（challenge state）”。但如果一个人感受到的压力需求远远超出自己的应对能力，他们更容易进入“威胁状态（threat state）”，也就是一种消极的压力反应。研究表明，处于挑战状态下的人往往表现更出色，而威胁状态则会导致表现变差。以艾玛·拉杜卡努为例，温网赛场上更大的观众规模、更高的公众期待，以及更强劲的对手，可能都让她感觉自己面临的挑战剧增，而自身的资源（比如经验、情绪调节能力）却难以应对这些需求。这导致她产生了“威胁反应”。
段落D
Our challenge and threat responses essentially influence how our body responds to stressful situations, as both affect the production of adrenaline and cortisol also known as ’stress hormones’. During a challenge state, adrenaline increases the amount of blood pumped from the heart and expands the blood vessels, which allows more energy to be delivered to the muscles and brain. This increase of blood and decrease of pressure in the blood vessels has been consistently related to superior sport performance in everything from cricket batting, to golf putting and football penalty taking. But during a threat state, cortisol inhibits the positive effect of adrenaline, resulting in tighter blood vessels, higher blood pressure, slower psychological responses, and a faster heart rate. In short, a threat state makes people more anxious -they make worse decisions and perform more poorly. In tennis players, cortisol has been associated with more unsuccessful serves and greater anxiety.
挑战状态和威胁状态会直接影响我们的身体在压力情境中的生理反应，因为它们都会影响肾上腺素和皮质醇——这两种被称为“压力荷尔蒙”的物质。在挑战状态下，肾上腺素会增强心脏泵血量并扩张血管，使更多能量输送到肌肉和大脑。血流增加、血管压力减小，这种生理反应已被多项研究证实能显著提升运动表现，从板球击球、高尔夫推杆到足球点球都能受益。但在威胁状态下，皮质醇文章来自老烤鸭雅思会抑制肾上腺素的正面作用，导致血管收缩、血压升高、心理反应变慢、心跳加快。简而言之，威胁状态会让人更加焦虑，判断力下降，表现也更糟。在网球运动员中，皮质醇水平升高与发球失败率上升和焦虑加重之间有明显关联。
段落E
That said, anxiety is also a common experience for athletes when they’re under pressure. Anxiety can increase heart rate and perspiration, cause heart palpitations, muscle tremors and shortness of breath, as well as headaches, nausea, stomach pain, weakness and a desire to escape in more extreme cases. Anxiety can also reduce concentration and self-control and cause overthinking. The intensity with which a person experiences anxiety depends on the demands and resources they have. Anxiety may also manifest itself in the form of excitement or nervousness depending on the stress response. Negative stress responses can be damaging to both physical and mental health -and repeated episodes of anxiety coupled with negative responses can increase risk of heart disease and depression.
话虽如此，焦虑也是运动员在压力之下的常见体验。焦虑会导致心率加快、出汗增多、心悸、肌肉颤抖、呼吸急促，在严重情况下还可能引发头痛、恶心、胃痛、身体虚弱，甚至产生想逃离的冲动。它还可能降低注意力、自控力，并导致过度思考。一个人感受到焦虑的强烈程度取决于他们面临的压力需求与可用的资源。此外，焦虑还可能以兴奋或紧张的形式表现出来，这取决于他们的压力反应方式。消极的压力反应不仅会损害身体健康，也会对心理健康造成影响——反复出现的焦虑和负面反应会提高患心脏病和抑郁症的风险。
段落F
But there are many ways athletes can ensure they respond positively under pressure. Positive stress responses can be promoted through the language that they and others -such as coaches or parents -use. Psychologists can also help athletes change how they see their physiological responses – such as helping them see a higher heart rate as excitement, rather than nerves. Developing psychological skills, such as visualisation, can also help decrease physiological responses to threat. Visualisation may involve the athlete recreating a mental picture of a time when they performed well, or picturing themselves doing well in the future. This can help create a feeling of control over the stressful event. Recreating competitive pressure during training can also help athletes learn how to deal with stress. An example of this might be scoring athletes against their peers to create a sense of competition. This would increase the demands which players experience compared to a normal training session, while still allowing them to practise coping with stress.
不过，运动员可以通过多种方式来促使自己在压力下做出积极反应。比如，可以通过自己或他人（如教练或家长）的言语来引导积极的压力感受。心理学家还可以帮助运动员改变他们对身体反应的看法，比如引导他们将心跳加快理解为“兴奋”而不是“紧张”。培养心理技能也有助于缓解身体的威胁反应，比如“心理可视化”技巧。运动员可以在脑中重现自己某次优秀的比赛表现，或想象自己未来成功的情境，从而产生对即将到来的压力事件的掌控感。此外，在训练中模拟真实比赛时的压力情境，也有助于运动员学会如何应对压力。比如可以通过与同伴比拼计分，制造一种竞争氛围。这比普通训练更具挑战性，能有效提高压力感，但又在一个相对可控的环境中让运动员练习应对方法。
