剑桥雅思10Test4Passage2阅读原文翻译 Second Nature 第二天性
剑桥雅思10阅读第四套题目第二篇文章的主题为第二天性。文章一共8段，大体可以分为两部分。前3段论证先天性格可以改变，后5段说明具体的改变方法。下面是具体每一段的翻译。
点击查看这篇雅思阅读中需要大家掌握的重点词汇以及对应的答案解析：
雅思真题阅读词汇 剑桥雅思10 test 4 passage 2 第二天性second nature
剑桥雅思10Test4Passage2阅读答案解析 Second Nature 第二天性
剑桥雅思10 Test4 Passage2阅读原文翻译
段落A
Psychologists have long held that a person’s character cannot undergo a transformation in any meaningful way and that the key traits of personality are determined at a very young age. However, researchers have begun looking more closely at ways we can change. Positive psychologists have identified 24 qualities we admire, such as loyalty and kindness, and are studying them to find out why they come so naturally to some people. What they’re discovering is that many of these qualities amount to habitual behaviour that determines the way we respond to the world. The good news is that all this can be learned.
心理学家一直认为，一个人的性格不可能经历任何有意义的改变，并且性格的关键特点在年龄很小的时候就已经确定下来。然而，研究人员开始更密切的观察我们可以改变的方式。积极心理学家列举了我们所赞扬的24种品质，比如忠诚和善良，并对他们开展研究，以探究为什么它们对于一些人来说如此自然而然地就会出现。他们发现，许多这些品质等同于习惯性行为，决定着我们对世界的回应方式。好消息是，这些可以通过学习而活动。
Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others, optimism being one of them. However, developing qualities requires mastering a range of skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising. For example, to bring more joy and passion into your life, you must be open to experiencing negative emotions. Cultivating such qualities will help you realise your full potential.
一些品质比其他品质更容易培养。乐观就是其中之一。然而，培养品质需要掌握一系列十分多样，并且有时令人惊讶的技巧。例如，为了把更多的欢乐和热情带入你的生活，你必须对体验负面情绪保持开放态度。培养这些品质会帮助你实现自己的全部潜力。
段落B
‘The evidence is good that most personality traits can be altered,’ says Christopher Peterson, professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, who cites himself as an example. Inherently introverted, he realised early on that as an academic, his reticence would prove disastrous in the lecture hall. So he learned to be more outgoing and to entertain his classes. ‘Now my extroverted behaviour is spontaneous,’ he says.
密歇根大学心理学教授Christopher Peterson用自己作为例子说，“有很好的证据表明，大多数性格特征都是可以改变的”。作为一个天生内向的人，他很早文章来自老烤鸭雅思就意识到，身为一名学者，他的含蓄在讲堂里将是灾难性的。因此他学着更加外向一些，并努力活跃课堂气氛。“现在我外向的行为是自发的”，他说。
段落C
David Fajgenbaum had to make a similar transition. He was preparing for university; when he had an accident that put an end to his sports career. On campus, he quickly found that beyond ordinary counselling, the university had no services for students who were undergoing physical rehabilitation and suffering from depression like him. He therefore launched a support group to help others in similar situations. He took action despite his own pain – a typical response of an optimist.
David Fajgenbaum也不得不做出相似的转变。由于一场意外结束了自己的运动生涯，他正在准备考大学。校园里，他很快发现，除了普通的咨询之外，大学没有为像他那样正在经历身体复健并饱受抑郁困扰的学生提供任何服务。因此，他发起了一个支持小组来帮助拥有相似状况的人。不顾自己的痛苦，他仍然采取行动。而这正是一名乐观主义者的典型回应。
段落D
Suzanne Segerstrom, professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky, believes that the key to increasing optimism is through cultivating optimistic behaviour, rather than positive thinking. She recommends you train yourself to pay attention to good fortune by writing down three positive things that come about each day. This will help you convince yourself that favourable outcomes actually happen all the time, making it easier to begin taking action.
肯塔基大学心理学教授Suzanne Segerstrom认为，提升乐观的关键在于培养乐观行为，而非积极的思考模式。她推荐你通过记下每天发生的三件积极事情来训练自己去关注好运气。这会帮助你相信，有利的结果其实一直都在发生，从而让开始采取行动更加容易一些。
段落E
You can recognise a person who is passionate about a pursuit by the way they are so strongly involved in it. Tanya Streeter’s passion is freediving – the sport of plunging deep into the water without tanks or other breathing equipment. Beginning in 1998, she set nine world records and can hold her breath for six minutes. The physical stamina required for this sport is intense but the psychological demands are even more overwhelming. Streeter learned to untangle her fears from her judgment of what her body and mind could do. ‘In my career as a competitive freediver, there was a limit to what I could do – but it wasn’t anywhere near what I thought it was,’ she says.
你可以根据一个人对某项追求的大力投入来判断这个人对此满怀热情。Tanya Streeter’s的热情在于自由潜水-一项不带氧气罐或其他呼吸设备潜入水里深处的运动。从1998年开始，她创造了9项世界记录，并能够闭气6分钟。这项运动对身体耐力要求很高，但对心理状态的要求却更为关键。Streeter学会通过判断自己身体和精神能做到什么来驱散恐惧。她说：“在我作为一名优秀的自由潜水运动员的生涯中，我的能力确实存在极限-但它远远超出我曾经的设想”。
段落F
Finding a pursuit that excites you can improve anyone’s life. The secret about consuming passions, though, according to psychologist Paul Silvia of the University of North Carolina, is that ‘they require discipline, hard work and ability, which is why they are so rewarding.’ Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this advice for those people taking up a new passion: ‘As a newcomer, you also have to tolerate and laugh at your own ignorance. You must be willing to accept the negative feelings that come your way,’ he says.
找到一个能让你为之兴奋的追求可以提升任何人的生活质量。但是，根据北卡罗来纳大学心理学家Paul Silvia的说法，消耗激情的秘密在于“它们需要自律、努力和能力，这也是他们为什么如此值得去做的原因”。心理学家Todd Kashdan对刚刚开始新爱好的人提出如下建议，“作为一名新手，你不得不忍受和嘲笑自己的无知。你必须愿意接受随之而来的负面情感”。
段落G
In 2004, physician-scientist Mauro Zappaterra began his PhD research at Harvard Medical School. Unfortunately, he was miserable as his research wasn’t compatible with his curiosity about healing. He finally took a break and during eight months in Santa Fe, Zappaterra learned about alternative healing techniques not taught at Harvard. When he got back, he switched labs to study how cerebrospinal fluid nourishes the developing nervous system. He also vowed to look for the joy in everything, including failure, as this could help him learn about his research and himself.
2004年，医生兼心理学家Mauro Zappaterra在哈佛医学院开始了自己的博士研究。由于他的研究与自己对治疗的好奇并不匹配，他十分苦恼。最终，他决定中断学业，并在Santa Fe度过了8个月的时间。在那里，Zappaterra了解到哈佛大学并未教授的替代医疗技术。当他回归校园之后，他更换了实验室以研究脑脊髓炎如何滋养神经系统的发育。他还下定决心寻找一切事物中的乐趣，甚至包括失败，因为这能够帮助他了解自己的研究工作和自身。
One thing that can hold joy back is a person’s concentration on avoiding failure rather than their looking forward to doing something well. ‘Focusing on being safe might get in the way of your reaching your goals,’ explains Kashdan. For example, are you hoping to get through a business lunch without embarrassing yourself, or are you thinking about how fascinating the conversation might be?
一个人如果全神贯注于避免失败而非期待做好某事，那么快乐就会受到阻碍。“关注安全可能会阻碍你实现自己的目标”，Kashdan解释说。例如，你是希望在不使自己尴尬的情况下度过商业午宴，还是思考期间的对话可能会多么的有趣？
段落H
Usually, we think of courage in physical terms but ordinary life demands something else. For marketing executive Kenneth Pedeleose, it meant speaking out against something he thought was ethically wrong. The new manager was intimidating staff so Pedeleose carefully recorded each instance of bullying and eventually took the evidence to a senior director, knowing his own job security would be threatened. Eventually the manager was the one to go. According to Cynthia Pury, a psychologist at Clemson University, Pedeleose’s story proves the point that courage is not motivated by fearlessness, but by moral obligation. Pury also believes that people can acquire courage. Many of her students said that faced with a risky situation, they first tried to calm themselves down, then looked for a way to mitigate the danger, just as Pedeleose did by documenting his allegations.
通常，我们是从生理角度思考勇敢的含义，但日常生活需要别的东西。对于市场营销人员Kenneth Pedeleose来说，它意味着对某些他认为道德上错误的行为说不。新来的经理恐吓员工。所以Pedeleose仔细记录了每一次的欺凌，并最终将证据提交给资深主管，尽管他知道这么做自己的工作可能会受到威胁。最终，经理才是走人的那个。根据克莱门大学心理学家Cynthia Pury的说法，Pedeleose的故事证明了勇气并不是由无畏，而是由道德责任激发的。Pury也相信人们能够获得勇气。她的许多学生说，面临危险的情况时，他们首先尝试让自己冷静下来，然后寻找方法降低危险，正如Pedeleose通过记录指控证据所做的那样。
Over the long term, picking up a new character trait may help you move toward being the person you want to be. And in the short term, the effort itself could be surprisingly rewarding, a kind of internal adventure.
长期来看，获取新的性格特征可能会帮助你朝着自己想要成为的人前进。短期来看，这些努力自身可能就有出乎意料的回报。这是一种内心的冒险。
剑桥雅思10Test4Passage1阅读原文翻译 The megafires of California 加利福尼亚超级大火
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